Telescope
Date: circa 1767
Inventory Number: 0058
Classification: Transit
Subject:
Maker: John Bird (1709 - 1776)
Donor: Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn (1720 - 1774)
Supplier: Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790)
User: John Winthrop (1714 - 1779)
Cultural Region:
Place of Origin:
Dimensions:
175.3 × 53 × 52 cm (69 × 20 7/8 × 20 1/2 in.)
telescope: 4.1 x 4.1 x 99 cm (1 5/8 x 1 5/8 x 39 in.)
Accessories: Base (0058.1)
Bibliography:
The Apparatus of Science at Harvard, 1765-1800
Description:
A refracting telescope is mounted on two conical arms that are carried in a cradle. A semicircular, divided scale attached beneath the telescope gives the altitude of a star sighted through the telescope. A hanging bubble level is present.
The cradle for the telescope is attached to a vertical column of mahogany that terminates in a brass point. The column slides through holes in a tall, narrow brass frame supported on an upright, mahogany plank attached to a mahogany table.
The upper portion of the instrument, from the transit telescope down through the wooden column, is missing. It was stolen when on display in 1979.
The cradle for the telescope is attached to a vertical column of mahogany that terminates in a brass point. The column slides through holes in a tall, narrow brass frame supported on an upright, mahogany plank attached to a mahogany table.
The upper portion of the instrument, from the transit telescope down through the wooden column, is missing. It was stolen when on display in 1979.
In Collection(s)
SignedJohn Bird London
FunctionAn astronomical transit is used with a clock to measure the altitude and time that a star or celestial body crosses the meridian at a specific location. This gives the declination and right ascension of the star, which are that star's coordinates in the sky. The information can also be used to find the longitude of a location if one has knowledge of when the meridian crossing would happen at the zeroth longitude.
If one has a table listing when a particular star is to cross the meridian at a given location, one can use the transit to find the time at that location at that moment. For this reason, small table top transits like this one were often used by watchmakers to check the running of their watches and clocks.
Medium-sized and larger portable transits were used in the field by astronomers when they went on expeditions to observe an eclipse or Transit of Venus.
If one has a table listing when a particular star is to cross the meridian at a given location, one can use the transit to find the time at that location at that moment. For this reason, small table top transits like this one were often used by watchmakers to check the running of their watches and clocks.
Medium-sized and larger portable transits were used in the field by astronomers when they went on expeditions to observe an eclipse or Transit of Venus.
Historical AttributesOn May 11, 1767, the Harvard Corporation voted its thanks to Thomas Hollis, Esquire, of Lincolns Inn, London for his gift of £200, to be used to enlarge the philosophical apparatus at the College. Some of this money went to purchase this transit by John Bird. Benjamin Franklin acted as Harvard's agent in London. It cost 40 guineas.
Professor John Winthrop used this transit for his observation of the Transit of Venus in 1769.
Professor John Winthrop used this transit for his observation of the Transit of Venus in 1769.
Curatorial RemarksThe upper portion of the transit was stolen from the Allston Burr exhibition area in 1979. Only the base remains.
Primary SourcesJohn Winthrop, Two Lectures on the Parallax and Distance of the Sun as Deducible from the Transit of Venus (Boston, 1769).
P. C. Le Monnier, Histoire celeste (Paris, 1741), LXXV-LXXXIV.
P. C. Le Monnier, Histoire celeste (Paris, 1741), LXXV-LXXXIV.
Published ReferencesDavid P. Wheatland, The Apparatus of Science at Harvard, 1765-1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), 38-39.